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Effect of Supplementation of Spirulina on the Haematological Profile and Intellectual Status of School Girls (7-9 years)
Abstract
A sample of sixty girls aged between 7-9 years belonging to low middle income group were selected from Government senior secondary school, P.A.U., Ludhiana. The subjects were equally divided into two groups viz. Experimental (E) and Control (C) group. The mean per capita monthly income was Rs. 837/- and Rs. 869/- in group E and C respectively. Subjects of E group were supplemented with two capsules (1g) of spirulina daily after mixing in one serving (30g) of Panjiri daily for five days a week for a period of two months, while C group was given placebo for the same period. Haemoglobin (Hb), PCV, RBC count were estimated before (T1) as well as after supplementation (T2). “Raven’s coloured progressive matrices” was used to assess the intellectual status at T1 and T2. An improvement in the haematological as well as intellectual status among respondents of E group when compared to C group showed positive effect of spirulina and proved to be an effective source of protein as well as iron and retinol.
... The rationale for using SP to correct anemia is based on SP's high content of iron with high bioavailability, content of porphyrin, and its content of phycocyanin which boost the erythropoietic response [28][29][30][31]. Animal testing and clinical studies, mostly uncontrolled [32,33], suggest a beneficial effect of SP [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. However, control studies remain scarce. ...
... The rationale for using SP to correct anemia is based on SP's high content of iron with high bioavailability, content of porphyrin, and its content of phycocyanin which boost the erythropoietic response [28][29][30][31]. Animal testing and clinical studies, mostly uncontrolled [32,33], suggest a beneficial effect of SP [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. However, control studies remain scarce. ...
... Most studies in children were conducted on children with known health problems or older children [20,27,[34][35][36]. A study in India among older schoolgirls used 0.9 g daily of SP for 3 months and suggested nutritional benefits, but this was not a controlled trial [32]. A controlled study in young Chinese schoolgirls showed the effectiveness of 2 and 4 g of daily SP for 10 weeks to improve vitamin A status [37]. ...
Background
Spirulina (SP) is widely used as a nutritional supplement to enhance child nutrition in low-income countries. We assessed Spirulina’s efficacy of the current dose supplied by institutions in Cambodia on improving growth and anemia in a cross-over randomized controlled trial in preschool underprivileged children from similar settings.
Methods
Preschool children cared by a not-for-profit institution were randomly and blindly allocated (2 to 1) to spirulina or placebo: 100 g in total, given in 2 g per day. After 5 weeks of wash-out, participants were crossed-over to the other group. Anthropometric gain and selected hematological data (blood cell count, ferritin, and C-reactive protein) were assessed at each phase.
Results
A total of 179 children completed the trial, 149 (83.2%) completed all the anthropometrics, and 99 (55.3%) all hematological measures. Mean BMI was 14.18 (95%CI: 14.00–14.37) and 31(20.8%) children had thinness. Mean blood hemoglobin was 11.9 g/dL (95%CI: 11.8–12.1). The weight gain of the SP group showed a modest higher trend compared to placebo (0.63 kg; 95%CI: 0.54–0.72 and 0.46 kg; 95%CI: 0.33–0.58, respectively; p = 0.07). Height increased similarly in both groups. The number of anemic children decreased by 6 (6.06%) and 11 (11.11%) on Placebo or SP, respectively ( p = 0.004). Tolerance was good.
Conclusion
SP may be recommended to improve childhood anemia. The analysis of the usual daily dose (2 g) provided by organizations in Cambodia shows a tendency to improve weight gain in the group supplemented with SP very close to significance, but no trend in height. Increased doses and longer supplementation should be evaluated further.
Trial registration
The study was retrospectively registered at ISRCTN under number 11696165 on 12/12/2018.
... Due to its high nutritional value, Spirulina has been used for treatment of anemia and malnutrition in undernourished children [28,29,129] and disease patients [29,103,130,131]. Positive effects of Spirulina at doses ranging between 1 g/day [131] and 200 g/day [28] against anemia have been reported in children [28,29,129], runners [132], senior citizens [133], patients with pathologies such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [130], T2D [131], or HIV-infected [29,103]. ...
... Due to its high nutritional value, Spirulina has been used for treatment of anemia and malnutrition in undernourished children [28,29,129] and disease patients [29,103,130,131]. Positive effects of Spirulina at doses ranging between 1 g/day [131] and 200 g/day [28] against anemia have been reported in children [28,29,129], runners [132], senior citizens [133], patients with pathologies such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [130], T2D [131], or HIV-infected [29,103]. Only two studies did not find improvement in Hemoglobin (Hb) levels after Spirulina supplementation. ...
The highly nutritional and ecofriendly Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis ) has hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antihypertensive properties. Spirulina contains functional compounds, such as phenolics, phycocyanins, and polysaccharides, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulating effects. Studies conducted on Spirulina suggest that it is safe in healthy subjects, but attitude to eating probably affects the acceptability of Spirulina containing foods. Although the antioxidant effect of Spirulina is confirmed by the intervention studies, the concerted modulation of antioxidant and inflammatory responses, suggested by in vitro and animal studies, requires more confirmation in humans. Spirulina supplements seem to affect more effectively the innate immunity, promoting the activity of natural killer cells. The effects on cytokines and on lymphocytes’ proliferation depend on age, gender, and body weight differences. In this context, ageing and obesity are both associated with chronic low grade inflammation, immune impairment, and intestinal dysbiosis. Microbial-modulating activities have been reported in vitro, suggesting that the association of Spirulina and probiotics could represent a new strategy to improve the growth of beneficial intestinal microbiota. Although Spirulina might represent a functional food with potential beneficial effects on human health, the human interventions used only supplements. Therefore, the effect of food containing Spirulina should be evaluated in the future.
... This is based on our review of previous studies conducted on the effectiveness of Spirulina supplementation to improve the nutrition status of schoolchildren. For example, a study conducted in India by Sachdeva et al. (2004) revealed the positive effect of Spirulina as an effective source of protein as well as iron and retinol for schoolgirls aged 7-9 years. Similarly, a study conducted in China by Li et al. (2012) showed that Spirulina effectively increases the total-body vitamin A stores of Chinese school-age children (6-11 years). ...
... Although previous animal and human studies have consistently reported that supplementation with spirulina can reverse anemia (particularly iron-deficiency anemia [67][68][69]) to an extent, the effect of spirulina administration on various hematological indices proves inconsistent [23,25,44,56,[70][71][72][73][74][75][76]. For instance, 2-months supplementation with 1-2 g/d spirulina did not significantly affect hemoglobin and MCV in a participant cohort with diabetes-induced anemia [75]. ...
Background & Aims
The present clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of spirulina administration on serum iron, ferritin, anemia parameters, and fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in adults with ulcerative colitis (UC).
Methods
Eighty participants with UC were randomly assigned to take, either, 1 g/day (two 500 mg capsules) spirulina (n=40) or placebo (n=40) in a double-blinded clinical trial for eight weeks. Dietary intake, physical activity status, serum iron and ferritin levels, anemia parameters, and FOBT were assessed in each participant at baseline and following the intervention. Seventy-three participants completed the trial.
Results
Our results indicated significantly increased (p= 0.04) serum iron after eight weeks of spirulina supplementation compared to the placebo group. The spirulina group also demonstrated significantly increased mean corpuscular volume (p= 0.004) whereas red blood cell count (p= 0.01) and hematocrit (p= 0.03) were significantly lowered in the placebo group. No significant changes in FOBT outcomes were seen between groups at baseline (p=0.12) and the end of the trial (p= 0.34). Eight weeks of 1 g/day spirulina supplementation improved anemia parameters in adults with UC compared to placebo.
Conclusions
These outcomes suggest that spirulina administration may be beneficial in the management of anemia in UC. Further clinical trials of longer duration are necessary to corroborate and expand our findings.
Registered at: http://www.IRCT.ir (code: IRCT20170802035460N3).
... A significant increase in hemoglobin levels was observed when taking 1-2 g per day for six to seven weeks [119]. Taking Arthrospira platensis capsules improved the hematological parameters and intellectual status of girls aged between 7 and 9 years [120]. Arthrospira platensis intake by pregnant women has been shown to help prevent hemoglobinemia. ...
Arthrospira platensis is a filamentous cyanobacterium of the class Cyanophyceae and is the most cultivated photosynthetic prokaryote. It is used in the pharmaceutical sector, medicine and the food industry. It has a rich micro- and macro-element composition, containing proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals and raw fibers. It is a commonly used ingredient in food products and nutritional supplements. The wide range of biologically active components determines its diverse pharmacological properties (antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective, antiviral, etc.). This review summarizes research related to the taxonomy, distribution and chemical composition of Arthrospira platensis as well as its potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Attention is drawn to its various medical applications as an antidiabetic and antiobesity agent, with hepatoprotective, antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral effects as well as regulatory effects on neurodegenerative diseases.
... Many bibliographic studies can be found on PC proprieties in Spirulina and Chlorella. One of the earliest research projects concerned the use of Spirulina maxima for the preparation of pharmaceutical products to accelerate wound healing, yet inhibitory effect on oral carcinogenesis in animal models, and the ability to act indirectly on total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values and to improve blood serology parameters and IQ scores were also described [58,59]. ...
Microalgae are aquatic unicellular microorganisms and, although various species are approved for human consumption, Arthrospira and Chlorella are the most widespread. Several nutritional and functional properties have been bestowed to microalgae principal micro- and macro-nutrients, with antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anticancer being the most common. The many references to their potential as a food of the future is mainly ascribed to the high protein and essential amino acid content, but they are also a source of pigments, lipids, sterols, polysaccharides, vitamins, and phenolic compounds with positive effects on human health. Nevertheless, microalgae use is often hindered by unpleasant color and flavor and several strategies have been sought to minimize such challenges. This review provides an overview of the strategies so far proposed and the main nutritional and functional characteristic of microalgae and the foods made thereof. Processing treatments have been used to enrich microalgae-derived substrates in compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-hypertensive properties. Extraction, microencapsulation, enzymatic treatments, and fermentation are the most common, each with their own pros and cons. Yet, for microalgae to be the food of the future, more effort should be put into finding the right pre-treatments that can allow the use of the whole biomass and be cost-effective while bringing about features that go beyond the mere increase of proteins.
... It has the distinction of being advocated by both NASA and ESA (the European Space Agency) for cultivation on long-term space missions as food for astronauts travelling to Mars. As it requires less land and water than farm animals to produce and has a much lesser impact on the carbon balance of the environment than farm animals and their demands for feed, this nutritious protein and energy food is gaining wide use on Earth to supplement human diets and as an alternative feed for animals in agriculture and aquaculture (Sachdeva et al., 2004;Tuomisto, 2010;Alexander et al., 2017). Spirulina is also rich in bioactive substances that have bio-modulatory and immuno-modulatory activities (Khan et al., 2005), and although the evidence is not yet sufficient to endorse Spirulina supplement as treatment for any human disorder, some of those bioactive substances are potent antioxidant and anti-proliferative agents and have been shown to decrease the proliferation of experimental pancreatic cancer (Koníčková et al., 2014). ...
Cultivating coccolithophore algae for carbon sequestration is discussed. Coccolithophores have been major calcium carbonate producers in the world’s oceans for about 250 million years. Today, they account for about a third of the total marine CaCO3 production by coating their single cells externally with plates of microcrystalline CaCO3. The possibility that these algae could be used to trap atmospheric CO2 with existing technology has not been widely considered. There is scope for both high technology cultivation in bioreactors and low technology cultivation in terraced raceway ponds or lagoons on tropical coastal sites. The latter could produce a sludge of pure CaCO3 as a feedstock for cement production in place of the fossilised limestone currently used (cement production accounts for around 8% of industrial fossil CO2 emissions). On the high seas coccolithophores naturally produce extensive blooms, which emit the volatile gas dimethyl sulfide to the atmosphere, where it promotes formation of clouds that block solar radiation. The vision is for aquaculture nurseries onboard factory ships, cultivating both coccolithophores and bivalve molluscs, creating and maintaining blooms of coccolithophores in the oceanic high seas to sequester carbon from the atmosphere and generate cloud cover to cool the immediate environment.
... It has the distinction of being advocated by both NASA and ESA (the European Space Agency) for cultivation on long-term space missions as food for astronauts travelling to Mars. As it requires less land and water than farm animals to produce and has a much lesser impact on the carbon balance of the environment than farm animals and their demands for feed, this nutritious protein and energy food is gaining wide use on Earth to supplement human diets and as an alternative feed for animals in agriculture and aquaculture (Sachdeva et al., 2004;Tuomisto, 2010;Alexander et al., 2017). Spirulina is also rich in bioactive substances that have bio-modulatory and immuno-modulatory activities (Khan et al., 2005), and although the evidence is not yet sufficient to endorse Spirulina supplement as treatment for any human disorder, some of those bioactive substances are potent antioxidant and anti-proliferative agents and have been shown to decrease the proliferation of experimental pancreatic cancer (Koníčková et al., 2014). ...
The potential for cultivation of coccolithophore golden-brown algae for carbon sequestration is addressed in this chapter. Coccolithophores have been major calcium carbonate producers in the world's oceans for about 250 million years. Today they account for about a third of the total marine CaCO 3 production by coating their single cells externally with delicately sculptured plates of microcrystalline CaCO 3. The possibility that these algae could be used to trap atmospheric CO 2 with existing technology has not been widely recognised. There is scope, however, for both high technology cultivation in bioreactors and low technology cultivation in terraced raceway ponds or lagoons on tropical coastal sites. The latter could produce a sludge of pure CaCO 3 that could be harvested as a feedstock for cement production in place of the fossiliferous limestone that is currently used (cement production accounts for around 8% of industrial fossil CO 2 emissions). Bioreactor cultivation of genetically-engineered coccolithophores could produce customised calcite crystals for nanotechnology industries. On the high seas coccolithophores naturally produce extensive blooms, and the blooms emit a volatile gas (dimethyl sulfide) to the atmosphere, where it promotes formation of clouds that block solar radiation. Imagine aquaculture nurseries onboard factory ships, cultivating both coccolithophores and bivalve molluscs. During their open ocean cruises the ships could produce biodegradable floats already spawned with fixed juvenile bivalve molluscs and streams of coccolithophore algae that could be released into the ocean currents and ocean gyres nourished by artificial upwelling of nutrient-rich waters when the ship deploys its perpetual salt fountains. The dual aim to be creating and maintaining blooms of coccolithophores in the oceanic high seas to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, and generation of cloud cover to cool the immediate environment.
... However, weight gain between birth and 42 days post-natal was higher in the group of women exposed to spirulina (p = 0.01). This is in accordance with data from the literature in older children [14] [15]. ...
The fight against iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women is a public health priority, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Spirulina is an alga very rich in iron, used as a dietary supplement. This research proposes to study its effect on the hemogloblobinaemia of pregnant women. This was a blind randomized cohort study with a supplemented group of spirulina (1500 mg/d) and a second supplemented with iron and folic acid supplementation (IFAS). Included in this study were pregnant women attending four health centers in the Dakar region, with pregnancy at 28th amenorrhea, agreeing to participate and not having complications or twin pregnancies. Follow-up of the two groups was identical throughout the study from the 28th week of amenorrhea to the 42nd postnatal day. The study was conducted among 920 women, evenly distributed among the groups. IFAS allowed a statistically significant increase in hemoglobinemia with an average gain of 0.3 g/dl between the 28th and 32nd weeks of amenorrhea (p = 0.022) and 0.2 g/dl between the 28th week and the delivery (p = 0.043). Spirulina supplementation showed statistically higher gains than those observed with IFAS. These gains were 0.48 g/dl between the 28th and 32nd weeks of amenorrhea and 0.36 g/dl between the 28th week and the delivery, with p values less than 0.001. Spirulina, more accessible to developing countries, is a good option to strengthen the arsenal of iron deficiency anemia control, and therefore maternal mortality.
... Spirulina's effectiveness among HIV-infected was also tested and found that its daily intake for six months improved the weight and arm girth of the patients [18]. In addition to the effects on physical growth, beneficial effects on serum iron levels and blood haemoglobin levels were suggested in both animal testing and clinical studies [19][20][21]. Interestingly, even smaller amounts of Spirulina (1 g/day), led to positive results on the haematological status and intellectual performance of children [22]. ...
Background: Spirulina is a cyanobacterium blue-green alga rich in a wide range of nutrients include; protein, lipids, high level of various B vitamins, and minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium and zinc.Aims: The objective of this study is to assess the impact of nutritional rehabilitation using Spirulina platensis versus vitamins and minerals supplementation on the nutritional status, hematological prole, and anemia status of malnourished children less than 5 years of age.Method: The study utilized the experimental design in which 87 malnourished children aged less than 5 years attending an AEI rehabilitation program were enrolled. Children were stratied and simply randomized into two groups.Groups: Vitamin and Mineral group (A) 30 children treated daily with selected vitamins and minerals; and Spirulina group (B) 30 children of the same age range who were given 3 grams of Spirulina. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected at baseline and after 3 months of the trial.Results: Baseline anthropometric indices of all the children were; Weight for Age Z (WAZ) score was – 2.42, Height for Age Z (HAZ) score was – 2.13, and Weight for Height Z (WHZ) score was – 2.09, which indicated that the children had poor anthropometric characteristics. After 12 weeks of intervention, Spirulina supplementation showed more signicant improving effect on weight (p<0.011) and height (p<0.016) when compared with Vitamin and Mineral group. Moreover, Spirulina supplementation was more effective treatment for increasing the ferritin (5.97 ng/ml-38.71 ng/ml) and iron levels (66.09 µg/dL to 95.52 µg/dL) in subjects with moderate malnutrition before intervention. The results of conducting one-way repeated measure ANOVA indicated that Spirulina supplementation has signicant improvement in Haemoglobin (p<0.001), Mean Corpuscle Volume (p<0.001) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (p<0.023) before and after the intervention between the two groups.Conclusions: The results of the study reected that Spirulina was a valuable and more effective in treating malnutrition and anemia and could be used in a wide range of settings since it is cheap compared to other conventional pharmaceutical preparations and formula
... Spirulina's effectiveness among HIV-infected was also tested and found that its daily intake for six months improved the weight and arm girth of the patients [18]. In addition to the effects on physical growth, beneficial effects on serum iron levels and blood haemoglobin levels were suggested in both animal testing and clinical studies [19][20][21]. Interestingly, even smaller amounts of Spirulina (1 g/day), led to positive results on the haematological status and intellectual performance of children [22]. ...
Background: Spirulina is a cyanobacterium blue-green alga rich in a wide range of nutrients include; protein, lipids, high level of various B vitamins, and minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium and zinc.
... En Inde, un essai randomisé portant sur 60 écolières s'est attaché non-seulement aux effets purement nutritionnels d'un apport d'une faible dose de spiruline (1 g/j) mais aussi à d'éventuels effets indirects sur leur performances intellectuelles (Sachdeva, 2004). Concluant à des effets positifs et statistiquement significatifs tant sur le statut hématologique des élèves que sur leurs performances intellectuelles, cette étude se termine par une recommandation au gouvernement indien quant à la fourniture gratuite de spiruline dans les écoles, particulièrement dans les régions déshéritées. ...
... Taekuchi (1978) reported 21 % increase in haemoglobin after spirulina supplementation (4g/ day) for 30 days. Another study by Kaur (2002) also recorded a significant increase in haemoglobin levels among girls after consuming 1 g spirulina/day for a period of two months. Packed Cell Volume (PCV): The mean values of the PCV among all subjects were 37±4.6, ...
Sixty male diabetic subjects (40 years) of middle income group were selected from Punjab Agricultural University, Hospital, Ludhiana and divided equally into three groups viz. E 1, E2 and C. Spirulina supplementation was given daily in the form of SUNOVA capsules with two capsules (lg) and four capsules (2g) to E 1 & E2 group respectively for a period of two months and C group was not given any supplementation. The impact of spirulina supplimentation was studied individually on nutrient intake and haematological profile of the subjects before and after the study. It was observed that mean carbohydrate and protien intake decerased significantly (P
6. Moore, D. (2022). Coccolithophore Cultivation and Deployment. In: Aquaculture: Ocean Blue Carbon Meets UN-SDGS. (eds D. Moore, M. Heilweck & P. Petros), Chapter 6, pp. 155-176. A volume in the Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer, Cham. ISBN: 9783030948450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94846-7_6.
6.1 In this Chapter… The potential for the cultivation of coccolithophore golden-brown algae for carbon sequestration is addressed in this chapter. Coccolithophores have been major calcium carbonate producers in the world’s oceans for about 250 million years. Today they account for about a third of the total marine CaCO3 production by coating their single cells externally with delicately sculptured plates of microcrystalline CaCO3. The possibility that these algae could be used to trap atmospheric CO2 with existing technology has not been widely recognised. There is scope, however, for both high technology cultivation in bioreactors and low technology cultivation in terraced raceway ponds or lagoons on tropical coastal sites. The latter could produce a sludge of pure CaCO3 that could be harvested as a feedstock for cement production in place of the fossiliferous limestone that is currently used (cement production accounts for around 8% of industrial fossil CO2 emissions). Bioreactor cultivation of genetically engineered coccolithophores could produce customised calcite crystals for nanotechnology industries. On the high seas coccolithophores naturally produce extensive blooms, and the blooms emit a volatile gas (dimethyl sulfide) to the atmosphere, where it promotes the formation of clouds that block solar radiation. Imagine aquaculture nurseries onboard factory ships, cultivating both coccolithophores and bivalve molluscs. During their open ocean cruises the ships could produce biodegradable floats already spawned with fixed juvenile bivalve molluscs and streams of coccolithophore algae that could be released into the ocean currents and ocean gyres nourished by artificial upwelling of nutrient-rich waters when the ship deploys its perpetual salt fountains. The dual aim to be creating and maintaining blooms of coccolithophores in the oceanic high seas to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, and generation of cloud cover to cool the immediate environment.
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
D. Moore et al., Aquaculture: Ocean Blue Carbon Meets UN-SDGS. Sustainable Development Goals Series.
FULL TEXT available from this URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94846-7_6
Background
The effect of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), on haemoglobin and serum ferritine was tested in young women aged between 18 and 21 years and presenting an iron-deficiency anemia.
Methods
According to the allocation group, each participant daily consumed one placebo snack bar or one snack bar supplemented with 3 g of spirulina. At baseline, day 45, 60, and 90 after the first bar was consumed a complete blood count, serum ferritin, pregnancy test, and physical examination were performed.
Results
Anemia prevalence was found to be 33.7% among the age range tested in Mumbai. In total, 181 women were screened, 61 of them were randomized and allocated into the two groups and finally 47 young women completed the study.
Conclusions
Spirulina or placebo snack bars were well tolerated. However, we did not observe significant changes in serum ferritin and hemoglobin in both groups at the end of the study.
This chapter deals with the possibilities of utilizing microalgal biomass in human nutrition and animal ratios. It describes the gross and fine chemical composition of various algal species and details the nutritive importance of selected constituents. The nutritional properties obtained from a broad spectrum of studies with humans and animals are described. Furthermore, the results of a series of different toxicological studies in animals and humans are considered and examined for the application of microalgae as dietary and therapeutic supplements. Finally, nutritional quality standards and legislative provisions to ensure safety in the use of algal biomass are presented.
Instructions for giving the tests, principles of construction, standardization, and qualitative and quantitative evaluation of test responses are included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The advantages and limitations of using functional methods are discussed in the context of identifying undernutrition and hunger in children in the United States. At this time many of these methods have been used only in developing countries where undernutrition is more serious. However, there is great need to investigate whether, when and how undernutrition in the United States affects children's development. Functional measures can detect undernutrition and hunger in some situations where biochemical or clinical measures cannot.
This paper selectively reviews the main findings of studies on the possible effects of iron deficiency on cognitive function among infants and preschool children published after 1976, and presents data from a study recently conducted in rural Guatemala. In comparison to infants without signs of sideropenia, infants with iron deficiency with and without anemia tend to score lower in the Bayley Scale of Mental Development; conversely, there is no evidence for an association between iron deficiency and delayed motor development. Iron repletion therapy implemented over a period of 7 to 10 days is likely to result in an improvement in mental development scale scores among infants with iron deficiency with or without anemia. In comparison with preschool children without sideropenia, preschool children with iron deficiency with or without anemia are less likely to pay attention to relevant cues in problem solving situations.
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